Which neonatal problem is commonly associated with fetal alcohol exposure?

• A. Kernicterus
• B. Hydrocephalus
• C. Low birth weight
• D. Teeth discoloration

Answer: (C)

Alcohol crosses the placenta and the fetus has limited ability to metabolize it, so exposure during development often leads to growth restriction. The most consistent neonatal outcome is low birth weight due to intrauterine growth retardation from alcohol’s effects on placental function, nutrient delivery, and fetal metabolism. This growth deficiency is a central feature of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and is commonly accompanied by other neurodevelopmental risks.

Kernicterus arises from severe unconjugated bilirubin in the newborn and is not specifically linked to fetal alcohol exposure. Hydrocephalus involves abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid and is not a typical consequence of in utero alcohol exposure. Teeth discoloration is not a standard neonatal issue associated with fetal alcohol exposure, though dental anomalies can appear later in life.